PDF to PNG Converter – Export PDF Pages as PNG Images Free
✅ Free  ·  No Signup  ·  No Watermark  ·  100% Private

PDF to PNG Converter
Free, Fast & Online

Export every page of your PDF as a high-quality PNG image instantly. Works entirely in your browser — your files are never uploaded to any server.

PDF
PDF Document
PNG
PNG Image
100%
Free Forever
0s
Server Upload Time
300
Max DPI Quality
ZIP
Batch Download

PDF to PNG — Convert Now

Upload your PDF below, choose your quality settings, and download all pages as PNG images instantly.

⚙️ Export Settings
📂 Upload PDF File
📄

Drag & Drop your PDF here

or click to browse files from your device

✅ PDF
🖼️ PDF Pages Preview
📄

No PDF uploaded yet!

Upload your PDF above to preview all pages

Four Pillars of a Great
PDF to PNG Converter

The design principles behind this tool — and what to look for in any PDF-to-image converter you use.

01

Lossless Output

PNG is a lossless format, so every page renders crisp and artifact-free — no JPEG-style blur on text and lines.

02

Local Processing

Pages render in your browser with PDF.js and pack into a ZIP with JSZip — your PDF never touches a server.

03

Quality Control

Choose 72 to 300 DPI and white or transparent backgrounds, so the output fits screen, print, or design needs.

04

Batch Friendly

Preview every page, pick exactly the ones you want, and download them all in a single ZIP in one click.

The Best Free PDF to PNG Converter

Fast, private, and packed with features — everything you need to turn PDF pages into crisp PNG images.

🔒
100% Private & Secure
All conversion happens inside your browser using PDF.js. Your PDF is never sent to any server. Complete privacy guaranteed.
Instant Conversion
Pages render directly in your browser in seconds. No waiting for uploads or server processing. PNGs download immediately.
📦
Batch ZIP Download
All selected pages are packed into a single ZIP file for one-click download. No need to save images one by one.
🎯
Select Specific Pages
Choose exactly which pages to export. Select all, deselect all, or tick individual pages — full control over your output.
🖨️
Up to 300 DPI Quality
Export at 72, 150, 216, or 300 DPI. High-resolution output is ideal for printing, presentations, and archiving.
🎨
Transparent Background
Export pages with a white or transparent background. Transparent PNGs are perfect for design work and overlays.
🔍
Full Page Preview
Click any page thumbnail to see a full-size preview before downloading. Verify your content before you export.
📋
Custom Filename Prefix
Set your own filename prefix so your PNGs are named exactly how you want, e.g. "invoice_page_01.png".
📱
Works on Any Device
Fully responsive design works perfectly on desktop, tablet, and mobile. Convert PDFs to PNG from anywhere.
⬇️
Single-Page Download
Need just one page? Each page has its own Download PNG button, so you can grab a single image without a ZIP.
🌗
Auto Dark Mode
The interface follows your system theme automatically via prefers-color-scheme — easy on the eyes day or night.
♾️
Unlimited Use
Convert as many PDFs and pages as you want, as often as you want. No daily quotas, no timers, no paywalls.

Convert PDF to PNG in 3 Steps

From upload to download in under a minute. No sign-up, no software installation required.

1
Upload Your PDF
Drag and drop your PDF file onto the tool above, or click to browse from your computer, phone, or tablet.
2
Choose Your Settings
Set the DPI quality, background color, filename prefix, and select exactly which pages you want to export as PNG.
3
Download Your PNGs
Click "Download Selected as ZIP". All your PNG images are packed into one ZIP file and saved to your device instantly.

Which DPI Setting
Should You Pick?

DPI controls how many pixels each page renders at. Higher DPI means sharper images and larger files. Here's how to choose.

🖥️

72 DPI – Screen

Smallest files, fastest export. Good for on-screen previews, web thumbnails, or quick sharing where print sharpness doesn't matter.

📄

150 DPI – Standard

The balanced default. Crisp on screen and acceptable for casual printing, with reasonable file sizes. Best all-round choice.

🔍

216 DPI – High

Noticeably sharper for detailed pages, diagrams, and small text. A good middle ground when 150 looks soft but 300 is overkill.

🖨️

300 DPI – Print Quality

The print-industry standard. Use for documents you'll print at full size, archive, or place into high-resolution layouts. Largest files.

Rule of thumb: If the PNGs are only for viewing on a screen, 150 DPI is plenty. If they'll be printed or zoomed into, step up to 300 DPI. Higher DPI multiplies both pixel dimensions and file size, so don't go higher than you need.

What Happens Inside Your
Browser, Step by Step

For the curious: a look at exactly what the tool does between the moment you drop your PDF and the moment your PNGs download.

📥

1. File arrives as a Blob CLIENT-SIDE

When you drop or select a PDF, the browser hands it to JavaScript as a Blob, then an ArrayBuffer. The bytes never touch the network — they exist only in your tab's memory.

🔍

2. PDF.js parses the document PARSE

Mozilla's PDF.js opens the byte array, decodes its internal object tree, and exposes each page as a renderable object with its dimensions and content streams.

🖼️

3. Thumbnails render at half scale PREVIEW

Each page is drawn onto an off-screen canvas at 0.5× scale and converted to a small PNG data URL, so the preview grid loads fast.

4. You select pages SELECT

Every page starts selected. Tick or untick individual pages, or use Select All / Deselect All — the live stats bar tracks your choices.

⚙️

5. Settings applied at render time CONFIGURE

Your DPI scale (1×–4×) and background choice (white or transparent) are read when you export — change them and re-export without re-uploading.

🎨

6. Full-resolution canvas render RENDER

On export, each selected page renders to a canvas at your chosen scale. White backgrounds fill the canvas first; transparent ones leave it clear.

🔢

7. Canvas becomes PNG ENCODE

The canvas is encoded to a PNG data URL with canvas.toDataURL('image/png') — lossless, with no quality settings to degrade it.

📦

8. PNGs packed into a ZIP PACKAGE

For batch download, JSZip writes each PNG into a ZIP archive in memory, named with your prefix and a zero-padded page number.

💾

9. ZIP downloads to your device DOWNLOAD

The finished ZIP is offered as a Blob download. Single-page downloads skip the ZIP and save the PNG directly. Nothing is uploaded.

🧹

10. Memory is released CLEANUP

Temporary object URLs are revoked after download. Clearing the PDF or closing the tab discards everything from memory.

Why PNG, and How It
Differs from JPG

Understanding PNG's strengths explains why it's the best choice for exporting document pages.

🖼️ PNG Is Lossless

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) uses lossless compression, meaning the image you get is pixel-for-pixel identical to what was rendered — no compression artifacts. That matters enormously for document pages, where crisp text edges and sharp lines are the whole point. JPG, by contrast, is lossy and introduces fuzzy halos around text and high-contrast edges.

🪟 PNG Supports Transparency

PNG has a full alpha channel, so it can store transparent pixels. That's why this tool offers a transparent-background option — perfect for placing a page over another design, building overlays, or compositing in an image editor. JPG has no transparency at all.

📜 An Open Standard

PNG was created in the mid-1990s as a free, patent-unencumbered replacement for GIF, and is now an official W3C / ISO standard. Every browser, operating system, and image tool supports it natively — your exported PNGs will open anywhere.

🆚 PNG vs JPG vs WebP

For photographs, JPG or WebP usually produce smaller files. But for document pages — full of text, lines, and flat colour — PNG is both sharper and often competitive in size, while staying lossless. WebP can match PNG's quality at smaller sizes but isn't as universally accepted in older software. For maximum compatibility and fidelity, PNG is the safe default.

🧮 How Rendering Works

A PDF page isn't a picture — it's a set of drawing instructions (text, vectors, images). To make a PNG, those instructions are rasterized: drawn onto a pixel grid at your chosen DPI. Higher DPI uses a bigger grid, capturing more detail at the cost of a larger file. This tool does that rasterization entirely in your browser via PDF.js and an HTML canvas.

PDF & PNG Through the Years

How a fixed-layout document format and a lossless image format came together for in-browser conversion.

1993
PDF 1.0 launches
Adobe introduces the Portable Document Format — fixed-layout pages that look identical everywhere, but store drawing instructions rather than pixels.
1996
PNG 1.0 published
PNG is released as a free, lossless, patent-free alternative to GIF, with full alpha transparency and better compression for flat-colour images.
2004
PNG becomes an ISO standard
PNG is standardized internationally (ISO/IEC 15948), cementing its place as a universal, royalty-free image format.
2008
PDF becomes an open standard
PDF is published as ISO 32000-1, documenting its object model and enabling third-party tools to parse and render it.
2011
PDF.js released
Mozilla launches PDF.js, a pure-JavaScript PDF renderer. For the first time, browsers can rasterize PDF pages to canvas without a plugin or server.
2015
Canvas-to-image matures
The HTML5 canvas toDataURL and Blob APIs become reliable across browsers, making client-side PNG export practical.
Today
In-browser PDF→PNG
PDF.js renders pages, the canvas encodes lossless PNGs, and JSZip bundles them — all locally, with no uploads. This tool is built that way.

When You'll Want to
Convert PDF to PNG

Turning PDF pages into images unlocks all kinds of everyday tasks. Here's where it helps most.

🖥️

Slide Decks

Drop PDF pages into PowerPoint, Keynote, or Google Slides as images when you can't edit the original.

🌐

Website Images

Embed a document page on a web page or blog as a clean PNG that loads anywhere without a PDF viewer.

📱

Social Media

Share a single document page as an image on platforms that don't accept PDFs, like Instagram or X.

🎨

Design Work

Bring a page into Photoshop, Figma, or Canva as a transparent PNG to composite, annotate, or remix.

📧

Email Previews

Show a document inline in an email body as an image, so recipients see it without opening an attachment.

🖨️

High-Res Printing

Export at 300 DPI for crisp printed copies of certificates, posters, or flyers from a PDF source.

📋

Documentation

Capture PDF pages as images for manuals, wikis, and help articles where a static image is clearer than a link.

🗂️

Thumbnails

Generate page thumbnails for a document library, gallery, or content management system.

📝

Annotation

Convert a page to PNG, then mark it up with arrows and notes in any image editor before sharing.

🔖

Archiving Pages

Keep specific pages as standalone images for quick reference without opening the whole PDF.

📊

Reports & Decks

Pull a chart or figure page out of a PDF report as an image to reuse in another document.

🧾

Invoices & Receipts

Turn an invoice page into a PNG to attach to an expense tool or paste into a chat.

🎓

Study Material

Convert textbook or lecture PDF pages to images for flashcards, notes apps, or annotation tools.

🖼️

Wallpapers & Art

Export poster or artwork PDFs as high-res PNGs for screens, prints, or further editing.

📤

Form Sharing

Share a single page of a multi-page form as an image so people see exactly what to fill in.

🔍

Zoomable Detail

Render a detailed page at high DPI so viewers can zoom into fine print or diagrams without blur.

PNG vs JPG vs WebP vs PDF

Four ways to save a document page. Here's how they compare so you pick the right output format.

Property 🖼️ PNG 📷 JPG 🌐 WebP 📄 PDF
CompressionLosslessLossyBothMixed
Sharp text & linesExcellentFuzzy edgesGoodVector
TransparencyYesNoYesN/A
File size (photos)LargeSmallSmallestVaries
File size (documents)CompactSimilarSmallerCompact
Universal supportEverywhereEverywhereModern onlyEverywhere
Editable as imageYesYesYesNo
Single page outputYesYesYesMulti-page
Best forDocument pagesPhotographsWeb imagesWhole documents
Rule of thumb: For document pages — text, diagrams, line art — PNG gives the sharpest, lossless result and supports transparency. For photographic content where small file size matters most, JPG or WebP win. If you need the whole multi-page document intact, keep it as PDF.

12 Tips for the Best PNG Output

Small choices that make a noticeable difference in how your exported PNGs turn out.

Match DPI to the destination

72–150 DPI for screens, 300 DPI for print. Picking the right DPI keeps files small when you don't need detail, sharp when you do.

Use transparent for overlays

Choose the transparent background when you'll layer the page over another design. Use white when the PNG stands alone.

Set a clear filename prefix

A prefix like invoice produces invoice_01.png, invoice_02.png — far easier to organise than generic names.

Deselect pages you don't need

Untick blank or irrelevant pages before exporting to keep your ZIP lean and avoid extra files to delete later.

Preview before you export

Click a thumbnail to open the full-size preview and confirm the page is the one you want — especially in long documents.

Grab one page without a ZIP

For a single page, use that page's Download PNG button instead of the ZIP — it saves the image directly.

Re-export at a new DPI instantly

Change the DPI dropdown and click download again — the PDF stays loaded, so there's no need to re-upload.

Mind the file size at 300 DPI

Print-quality exports can be several MB per page. Only use 300 DPI for the pages that truly need it.

Transparent ≠ white on every viewer

A transparent PNG may look like it has a dark or checkered background in some viewers — that's the transparency showing, not a flaw.

OCR first if you need text

A PNG is an image — the text inside isn't selectable. If you need editable text, run OCR on the PDF instead of exporting images.

Large PDFs? Export in batches

For very long documents, select a range of pages at a time to keep memory use and ZIP size manageable on modest devices.

Keep the source PDF

PNG export is one-way. Keep the original PDF so you can re-export at different settings whenever you need.

Who Converts PDF to PNG Most?

Turning document pages into images is routine work across many roles.

🎨

Designers

Bring PDF pages into Figma, Photoshop, or Canva as transparent PNGs to composite into layouts and mockups.

📣

Marketers

Turn one-pagers and flyers into images for social posts, email campaigns, and landing pages.

🎓

Educators

Convert worksheet and slide PDFs into images for lesson decks, quizzes, and printable handouts.

💻

Developers

Generate page images for documentation, UI mockups, and automated visual test fixtures.

✍️

Writers & Bloggers

Embed a document page as a clean image in an article instead of forcing readers to open a PDF.

📊

Analysts

Pull a chart or table page out of a report PDF as a high-res PNG to drop into a slide deck.

🏢

Office Admins

Convert invoices, forms, and memos to images for systems that only accept image uploads.

🖨️

Print Shops

Rasterize PDF pages to 300 DPI PNGs for printing workflows and proofing.

🧑‍🏫

Students

Turn lecture and textbook pages into images for notes apps, flashcards, and study boards.

📱

Social Media Managers

Share document pages as images on platforms that don't support PDF attachments.

🗃️

Archivists

Generate page-image thumbnails and reference copies for document libraries and catalogues.

⚖️

Legal Teams

Capture specific document pages as images for exhibits, presentations, and case files.

How Your PDF Is Handled

Transparency matters. Here's exactly what happens when you use this converter.

🔐 Files Are Processed In Your Browser

This tool uses two client-side JavaScript libraries — PDF.js by Mozilla to render pages and JSZip to package them — both of which run entirely inside your browser tab. Your PDF is read from your device, rasterized to PNG in memory, and downloaded back to you without ever leaving your machine.

That means the tool never needs to upload your file to a server to convert it. Speed depends on your device's CPU and memory, not on a remote service.

🛡️ What You Can Still Watch Out For

Although the conversion logic is local, modern websites do receive normal browser metadata such as your IP address, user agent, and referrer. If you're working with sensitive material — contracts, IDs, medical records — it's always smart to verify how a tool behaves. You can open your browser's developer tools and inspect the Network tab while converting to confirm no PDF data is being sent externally.

For background reading on browser security and safe handling of personal files, see the Electronic Frontier Foundation's privacy resources.

🧹 Nothing Stored After You Leave

When you close the tab or clear the PDF, the file bytes and generated PNGs are discarded automatically. There's no account, no cloud storage, no history. Save your downloaded images before closing the tab if you want to keep them.

🔎 Verify It Yourself

Don't take our word for it. Press F12 (or Cmd+Option+I on Mac) to open developer tools, switch to the Network tab, then drop a PDF and run a conversion. You'll see the page's own assets loading, but no outbound request carrying your PDF bytes — the hallmark of a true client-side tool.

Typical PNG File Sizes by DPI

Rough expectations for a standard A4/Letter page. Actual sizes vary with page content — dense pages and images produce larger PNGs.

DPI Setting Scale Approx. Pixels (A4) Text Page Image-Heavy Page Best For
72 DPI~595 × 842~80–200 KB~300–700 KBScreen, web thumbnails
150 DPI~1190 × 1684~200–500 KB~0.8–2 MBStandard, balanced
216 DPI~1785 × 2526~400 KB–1 MB~1.5–4 MBHigh-detail viewing
300 DPI~2380 × 3368~0.7–2 MB~3–8 MBPrint, archiving

Figures are approximate and depend heavily on how much text, colour, and imagery each page contains.

Pro tip: Doubling the DPI roughly quadruples the pixel count and file size, since both width and height scale. Jumping from 150 to 300 DPI makes files about 4× larger — worth it for print, wasteful for screen-only use.
Heads-up: Exporting many pages at 300 DPI can produce a large ZIP and use significant memory. On phones or older machines, export in smaller page batches to stay smooth.

8 PDF-to-PNG Myths — Debunked

A lot of confusion surrounds converting PDFs to images. Here are the most common myths and the truth.

Myth

"The PNG keeps my text selectable."

Truth

A PNG is a flat image — the text becomes pixels and is no longer selectable or searchable. Use OCR if you need real text back.

Myth

"Online converters always upload your file."

Truth

Some do, but this one renders entirely in your browser with PDF.js. Confirm it in the DevTools Network tab in seconds.

Myth

"Higher DPI always looks better."

Truth

Beyond your screen or printer's capability, extra DPI just bloats the file with no visible benefit. Match DPI to the destination.

Myth

"PNG and JPG are basically the same."

Truth

PNG is lossless with transparency; JPG is lossy with none. For text and line art, PNG is sharper and cleaner.

Myth

"Transparent background means no background."

Truth

The PNG stores transparency, but viewers may show it as white, black, or a checkerboard. It composites correctly when layered.

Myth

"Converting adds a watermark."

Truth

This tool never adds watermarks. Your exported PNGs are clean and ready to use immediately.

Myth

"You can only convert the whole PDF."

Truth

Every page has a checkbox. Export one page, a few, or all — and grab single pages without making a ZIP.

Myth

"Scanned PDFs won't convert."

Truth

They convert fine — a scanned PDF is already images, so rasterizing to PNG works. You just won't get selectable text.

Common PDF-to-PNG Issues

If your output doesn't look the way you expected, one of these is usually the cause.

🚫 "Nothing happens when I upload"

The file may not be a valid PDF, or it's password-encrypted. Fix: confirm the file opens in a normal PDF reader. For encrypted PDFs, remove the password in a PDF app first, then upload the unprotected copy.

🌫️ "The PNG looks blurry"

You exported at a low DPI for a use that needs detail. Fix: raise the DPI to 216 or 300 and export again — the PDF stays loaded, so it's instant.

🟥 "Transparent background looks black"

That's the transparency showing in a viewer that paints transparent areas dark. Fix: it composites correctly when layered. If you want a solid background, switch the setting to White and re-export.

🐌 "Export is slow or the tab freezes"

Many pages at high DPI use a lot of memory. Fix: lower the DPI, select fewer pages per export, or close other tabs to free memory, then export in batches.

📁 "The ZIP didn't download"

A browser pop-up or download blocker may have intercepted it. Fix: allow downloads for this site, or use each page's single Download PNG button instead of the ZIP.

🔤 "I can't select text in the PNG"

That's expected — PNG is an image, so text becomes pixels. Fix: if you need editable or searchable text, run the PDF through OCR or use a PDF-to-text tool instead.

💾 "Files are huge"

High DPI plus image-heavy pages produce large PNGs. Fix: drop to 150 DPI for screen use, or convert only the pages you actually need.

📭 "Some pages didn't export"

Those pages were probably unticked. Fix: use Select All before exporting, or check that the pages you want show a ticked checkbox and the selected count in the stats bar matches.

More Free PDF & Image Tools

Need to convert other formats? Check out these free online tools.

BMP to PDF JPG to PDF PNG to PDF PDF to JPG PDF to WebP Images to PDF PDF to JSON PDF to EPUB Organize PDF Pages Merge PDFs

PNG & PDF Terms Explained

Short, friendly definitions for the terms you'll meet when converting PDFs to images.

PNG
Portable Network Graphics. A lossless image format with transparency support, ideal for text and line art.
PDF
Portable Document Format. A fixed-layout format that stores drawing instructions rather than pixels.
DPI
Dots Per Inch. Controls how many pixels each page renders at — higher means sharper and larger.
Lossless
Compression that preserves every pixel exactly. PNG is lossless; JPG is not.
Lossy
Compression that discards some detail to shrink files, causing artifacts. JPG is lossy.
Rasterize
Converting vector drawing instructions (like a PDF page) into a fixed grid of pixels.
Alpha Channel
The transparency layer in a PNG that records how see-through each pixel is.
Canvas
An HTML element that acts as a pixel surface; PDF.js draws pages onto it before encoding to PNG.
Scale
The multiplier (1×–4×) applied when rendering a page. Higher scale produces higher effective DPI.
Viewport
PDF.js's description of a page's dimensions at a given scale, used to size the canvas.
Thumbnail
A small preview image of a page, rendered at low scale so the preview grid loads quickly.
Data URL
A string that embeds image bytes directly, like data:image/png;base64,…, used for previews and downloads.
Base64
A text encoding of binary data. PNG bytes are base64-encoded when written into the ZIP.
ZIP
A compressed archive bundling many files into one download — here, all your selected PNGs.
JSZip
An open-source JavaScript library that builds ZIP archives entirely in the browser.
PDF.js
Mozilla's pure-JavaScript PDF parser and renderer that powers the page rendering here.
Blob
A browser-native object holding binary data. Your PDF and the output ZIP both live as Blobs.
Transparency
Pixels that are partly or fully see-through, supported by PNG via its alpha channel.
Resolution
The pixel dimensions of an image. Determined here by the page size multiplied by your DPI scale.
OCR
Optical Character Recognition — turning an image of text back into selectable, searchable text.

PDF to PNG — Common Questions

Everything you need to know about converting PDF pages to PNG images.

Is this PDF to PNG converter really free?
Yes, 100% free with no hidden fees, no subscription, and no signup required. Use it as many times as you like, completely free.
Are my PDF files uploaded to a server?
No. This tool runs entirely in your browser using PDF.js. Your PDF files are never sent to any server. Everything stays on your device.
What DPI should I choose?
For screen viewing, 72–150 DPI is fine. For printing or high-quality exports, choose 216 or 300 DPI. Higher DPI means larger file sizes.
Can I convert just specific pages?
Yes. After uploading your PDF, each page has a checkbox. Tick only the pages you want and click Download. Unticked pages are skipped.
Why choose PNG over JPG for PDF export?
PNG is lossless — no quality is lost during conversion. It also supports transparent backgrounds, making it ideal for design and editing work.
Does this tool add a watermark to my images?
No watermark is ever added to your exported PNG images. Your output files are completely clean and ready to use straight away.
Can I download a single page without a ZIP?
Yes. Each page has its own Download PNG button that saves that one image directly. The ZIP is only used for batch downloads of multiple pages.
Will the text in my PNG be selectable?
No. A PNG is a flat image, so text becomes pixels and can't be selected or searched. If you need editable text, run the PDF through OCR instead.
What does the transparent background option do?
It exports each page without a white fill, leaving those areas transparent. This is ideal for overlaying a page on another design or compositing in an image editor.
Can I convert a scanned PDF?
Yes. A scanned PDF already contains images, so it rasterizes to PNG fine. You just won't get selectable text, since there's none to extract.
How do I rename the output files?
Set the Filename Prefix before exporting. A prefix of "invoice" produces invoice_01.png, invoice_02.png, and so on, zero-padded by page number.
Can I change the DPI after uploading?
Yes. Change the DPI dropdown and export again — the PDF stays loaded in memory, so there's no need to upload it a second time.
Is there a limit on pages or file size?
There's no hard cap — your device's memory is the practical limit. For very large documents, export in smaller page batches to stay smooth.
Can I preview a page before downloading?
Yes. Click any page thumbnail to open a full-size preview, so you can confirm the content before exporting.
Why is my exported file so large?
High DPI combined with image-heavy pages produces big PNGs. Drop to 150 DPI for screen use, or export only the pages you actually need.
Can I convert a password-protected PDF?
No. Encrypted PDFs can't be read without the password. Remove the protection in a PDF editor first, then upload the unprotected copy.
Does it work offline?
After the page loads once, PDF.js and JSZip are cached, so conversion usually works on flaky connections. The first visit needs internet.
What browsers are supported?
All modern Chromium browsers (Chrome, Edge, Brave, Arc, Opera), Firefox, and Safari versions from the past few years work smoothly.
Will my original PDF be changed?
No. The tool only reads your PDF to render images — your original file is never modified. The PNGs are brand-new files.
Can I use the PNGs commercially?
Yes. The images are rendered from your own document, so you can use them however you like. The tool adds no restrictions or watermarks.